This article is reposted from the Bank of Canada website

Today’s Labour Force Survey for September was stronger than expected, with a net employment gain of 60,400, but the unemployment rate was steady at 7.1% as more people entered the workforce. The employment gain was driven by full-time work. The manufacturing sector–hard hit by US tariffs–added 27,800 employees, and agriculture, health care and other services all added workers. The employment rate — the proportion of the working-age population that’s employed — rose 0.1 percentage points to 60.6% in September.

Average hourly wages among employees increased 3.3% (+$1.17 to $36.78) on a year-over-year basis in September, following growth of 3.2% in August (not seasonally adjusted).

The surprisingly strong job gains suggest Canada’s job market is showing some resilience to tariff disputes with the US. The jump in factory employment, although not driven by autos, suggests the sector may benefit from some exporters’ exemption from levies under the Canada-US-Mexico trade Agreement.

The loonie surged in response to the news as shorter-term interest rates rose. The report reduces expectations for a rate cut when the Bank of Canada meets again on October 29, with traders putting the odds at about 25%, down from 70% before the data release. However, the better-than-expected job gains did not fully offset the losses posted in July and August, as Canada shed a net 45,900 jobs over the third quarter, the weakest quarter since the pandemic.

Total hours worked fell 0.2% last month, and the labour force rose by 72,300.

Even with the latest jobs report, the Canadian economy remains vulnerable to the unsettling US attitude towards the free trade agreement, which is slated to be renegotiated by July 2026. The Bank of Canada cut the overnight policy rate to 2.5% in September, and additional rate cuts are likely this year. The Bank has only two more decision dates in 2025: October 29 and December 10. September inflation data will be released on October 21, the day after the BoC publication of the Business and Consumer Outlook Survey.

The overall unemployment rate was unchanged at 7.1% in September, following a 0.2 percentage point increase in August. Since the start of 2025, the unemployment rate has increased by 0.5 percentage points. The trend has generally been upward since the beginning of the year, with an increase of 0.6 percentage points compared to January. Youth unemployment rates remain elevated, with the jobless rate among students at a whopping 17.1%, and at 11.9% for youth not attending school.

Employment in manufacturing rose in September (+28,000; +1.5%), the first increase since January. The gain was concentrated in Ontario (+12,000) and Alberta (+7,900). Before the rise in September, employment in manufacturing had recorded a net decline of 58,000 (-3.1%) from January to August.

Employment change by industry, September 2025

In Quebec, employment was little changed for a third consecutive month in September. The unemployment rate in Quebec in September (5.7%) was down from the recent peak of 6.3% recorded in June, and little changed on a year-over-year basis. However, Quebec will undoubtedly see job losses in the aluminum and lumber industries unless US tariffs are reduced sharply.

Employment was also little changed in Ontario in September. The unemployment rate in the province increased by 0.2 percentage points to 7.9% in September, as more people searched for work. The unemployment rate in the province was up 0.8 percentage points from September 2024. In the CMA of Toronto, the unemployment rate was unchanged at 8.9% in September 2025 and was up 0.8 percentage points on a year-over-year basis (three-month moving averages).

Bottom Line

The Bank of Canada has made it clear that it will focus on inflation as well as on increasing slack in the economy, and a September cut may still hinge on the consumer price index released next week. Labour markets are still softer than they were a year ago. The unemployment rate held steady at 7.1% in September, but it remains up half a percent from a year ago. International trade data softened in August, and U.S. tariffs remain a significant threat to the economic outlook.

It is doubtful that Bank of Canada policymakers thought in September that just one cut in the overnight rate would be enough to address economic weakness, and the labour force data today probably isn’t positive enough alone to derail another cut in October. Still, the Bank of Canada will also have to take into account the next round of inflation data – and future cuts beyond October would be less likely if government deficit spending ramps up as expected to help address tariff-related economic weakness.

The central bank is well aware that the Labour Force Survey is notoriously volatile, and the jobless rate at 7.1% is still up half a percentage point from a year ago. The underlying details of the report were not as positive. Actual hours worked declined despite the surge in full-time employment. And permanent layoffs ticked higher. But other sectors have remained broadly resilient. Services employment was up 18k month-over-month and 225k year-over-year last month. All eyes will be on the CPI data next Tuesday.

Please Note: The source of this article is from SherryCooper.com/category/articles/

Written by The Canadian Press Regional October 2, 2025

Vancouver-area home sales inched up in September from last year, but prices are still under pressure as sales stand well below long-term trends while listings rise, said Greater Vancouver Realtors.

Vancouver-area home sales inched up in September from last year, but prices are still under pressure as sales stand well below long-term trends while listings rise, said Greater Vancouver Realtors.

Sales totalled 1,875 in the month, a 1.2% increase from last year but 20.1% below the 10-year seasonal average, the board said Thursday.

There were 6,527 new home listings in September, a 6.2% increase from last year, leaving total listings up 14.4% from a year earlier at 17,079 homes. The total number of homes for sale was 36.1% above the 10-year seasonal average.

The rise in listings and tepid sales helped lead to a 3.2% decline in the composite benchmark price of a home from last year, and 0.7% lower from August, to $1,142,100.

While the market is under pressure, the association said last month’s interest rate cut from the Bank of Canada, with another expected before the end of the year, could help give some lift to the fall market.

“Easing prices, near-record high inventory levels, and increasingly favourable borrowing costs are offering those looking to purchase a home this fall with plenty of opportunity,” said Andrew Lis, the association’s director of economics and data, in a statement.

Detached home sales were up seven per cent in the month from last year as the benchmark price declined 4.4 per cent to $1,933,100. Apartment home sales rose 1.5% as the category’s benchmark price also dropped 4.4%, to $728,800. Attached home sales were down 5.8%.

While the market has been under pressure in recent years from interest rates, policy shifts and trade tensions, there is the potential for improvement in the months ahead, said Lis.

“With the acute impacts of these events now fading, we expect market activity to continue stabilizing to end the year, barring any unforeseeable major disruptions.”

People hunting for homes and mortgages have had a lot of economic and market news coming their way lately. Probably the most significant is the Bank of Canada’s decision to lower its policy rate.

As expected, the central bank trimmed a quarter of a point off its trendsetting interest rate, bring it to 2.50%. It is the first rate move since March.

The cut came a day after Statistics Canada reported the inflation rate rose to 1.9% in August, up from 1.7% in July.

Normally rising inflation would be a reason for the Bank not to lower its rate, due to concerns about over stimulating the economy and encouraging even more inflation. However, the Bank noted that other factors – such as stable (although higher than desired) core inflation, a decline in the gross domestic product and an increase in unemployment – indicate inflation is not a high risk.

The interest rate cut could make variable-rate mortgages look more attractive for those who are comfortable with potential rate movement.

The Canadian Real Estate Association reports August home sales increased 1.1% compared to July and were almost 2.0% better than a year earlier. The MLS Home Price Index showed flat pricing month-over-month, but registered a 3.4% decline year-over-year. CREA’s national average price was $664,000 in August 2025, up 1.8% from August 2024.

August new listings were up 2.6% over July and up 8.8% over a year earlier.

This article was published by the First National LLP Marketing Team on their website.

Once a runaway train, Canada’s immigration-driven population growth has come to a grinding halt.

By Randy Thanthong-Knight

(Bloomberg) — Once a runaway train, Canada’s immigration-driven population growth has come to a grinding halt.

For the second straight quarter, the country’s population changed nominally, compared with a quarterly growth rate of nearly 1% last year, according to Statistics Canada data released Wednesday.

Tighter immigration rules aimed at reducing the number of temporary immigrants drove almost more people out than new arrivals and natural births, with an increase of 47,098 people or 0.1% in the second quarter, the data showed. That’s a similar gain to the first three months of this year — and, except for 2020, the lowest growth rate in a second quarter since comparable records began in 1946.

The government’s plan to reduce the temporary migrant population appears to being working. The number of non-permanent residents dropped for the third time in a row, reaching 7.3% of the total population in the quarter, versus 7.6% at its peak. The decrease was driven by foreign students and workers leaving the country.

With half a year of essentially no population growth, Prime Minister Mark Carney’s government must decide whether to keep its tight lid on inflows or bring in more workers. The country’s new immigration targets are due Nov. 1.

It will be the first target set under Carney, who promised to bring immigration rates to “sustainable levels.” At the same time, his government wants to build homes and infrastructure to boost activity in a tariff-hit economy. That plan will require more skilled workers in trades and construction — sectors that still face labour shortages.

U.S. policies on immigration may also influence movements across the northern border, with some refugees as well as H-1B visa holders potentially heading to Canada.

In order to increase the number of intakes, Carney — who inherited eroded public support for mass immigration — will have to restore public confidence in the system and rebuild consensus around welcoming newcomers.

Like many of its advanced economy peers, Canada needs immigration to grow its population and tax base in order to replace workers and support its aging population. International migration accounted for more than 70% of population growth in Canada between April and June. In the second quarter, the number of births exceeded deaths by 13,404, with immigration adding 33,694 people.

Tepid population growth already clouded the economic outlook. Bank of Canada Governor Tiff Macklem said last week, when he resumed cutting interest rates, that low population growth as well as a weak labour market will weigh on household spending — a rare bright spot in the economy that contracted sharply last quarter.

–With assistance from Mario Baker Ramirez.

©2025 Bloomberg L.P.

Oxford Economics says Canada’s economy will stay weak through 2025, with housing activity picking up but prices still expected to slide into 2026.

Oxford Economics expects Canada to remain on the edge of recession through 2026, warning that broad-based weakness across the economy shows little sign of easing.

The outlook was shared during the firm’s September Office Hours call, where economists pointed to persistent sluggishness across key sectors despite cooling inflation and recent rate cuts from the Bank of Canada.

Ongoing uncertainty around trade, a softening labour market and a housing market still searching for the bottom were flagged as key risks, with the path ahead also vulnerable to policy shocks such as the federal budget this fall.

Weak growth and a softening job market

Oxford Economics said the economy will “remain on the verge through the second half of 2025, teetering on recession,” with the Bank of Canada’s recent cut described as consistent with easing inflationary risks and faltering growth. Another reduction in October was noted as possible, though the outlook “is still subject to policy shocks,” including a fiscal boost anticipated in the federal budget this fall.

The firm now expects inflation to average 2.6% next year, down from earlier projections of 3%, while the labour market will continue to feel the strain. “We think there’s still a little bit of a hit coming to lift unemployment to 7.4%,” the call noted, though the rate should fall relatively quickly into 2026 as population growth slows.

The outlook pointed to a prolonged weak growth cycle. “Our outlook for the Canadian economy is not that optimistic — we expect to remain on the edge of recession into 2026, with overall growth close to zero,” Oxford said. Quarter-by-quarter gains are expected to come slowly, in the range of just one to three tenths of a percent.

Uncertainty over tariffs under USMCA was also cited as a risk. Until Canada secures a deal similar to those achieved by the UK or EU, the firm noted a cloud of uncertainty is expected to hang over tariff rates, dampening investment and related sectors.

Tentative housing rebound overshadowed by falling prices

Oxford Economics pointed to early signs of improvement in resale activity, noting “a pickup in sales and average prices in Toronto and Vancouver, and listings have also risen, so overall activity is starting to move a little bit.” However, benchmark prices — described as the stronger gauge — “have continued to drift lower.”

Further rate relief is expected to bring more buyers and sellers back into the market this fall, though the balance is likely to tilt toward a buyer’s market. “There will be a pickup in activity, but it will lead to prices drifting lower into 2026,” Oxford said.

Over the longer term, home prices are expected to rise only slightly faster than inflation. “We anticipate a housing market rebalance in the late 2030s, but over the next five to 10 years house prices will be largely flat in real terms,” the firm said.

Government ambitions tempered by structural limits

On the construction side, Oxford Economics is projecting limited momentum in the near term. “The next couple of months and quarters are not looking particularly good,” the firm noted, with a relative uptick expected only by late 2026. Even then, the baseline is described as low, and any rebound would resemble a return to balance rather than a boom.

Government ambitions add another layer of complexity, with Ottawa’s recently announced Build Canada Homes program calling for a near doubling of housing output through modular and mass-timber construction. But Oxford warned such targets risk overshooting. “We think the government’s plan to double housing supply overdoes it. We see housing starts peaking near the 300,000-unit range in the latter half of the decade. With changing factors including aging boomers selling homes, for example, we could face an oversupply situation by the end of the decade if that government plan comes true.”

For now, the Canadian economy appears set to remain in a holding pattern — not fully in contraction, but still far from a clear path to recovery. With tariffs in flux, inflation expected to tick slightly higher in the long term, and housing still adjusting, the market is shaped more by uncertainty than conviction.

This article was writtenf or Canadian Mortgage Trends by:

Not all “first-time buyers” are created equal. Here’s how the rules differ across Canada’s most-used programs.

If you’ve been poking around the idea of buying your first home in Canada, you’ve probably noticed that “first-time homebuyer” doesn’t always mean what you think it does. Different programs, federal and provincial, define it in different ways, and that can make things confusing fast.

We work with a lot of clients who get tripped up by this. Someone will tell me they’re a first-time homebuyer because they’ve never bought a home in Canada, only to discover their previous home in another country disqualifies them from a key benefit here. Or, on the flip side, someone who owned a condo years ago doesn’t realize they might still qualify for certain first-time buyer programs again under the right circumstances.

So let’s break it down. Here’s how “first-time homebuyer” is defined across three major programs Canadians often rely on: the Ontario Land Transfer Tax Rebate, the RRSP Home Buyers’ Plan (HBP), and the First Home Savings Account (FHSA).

How does Ontario define a first-time homebuyer for the land transfer tax rebate?

If you’re buying property in Ontario, the land transfer tax (LTT) rebate is probably the first program you’ll hear about. It can save you up to $4,000 on the provincial land transfer tax, and another $4,475 on the Toronto municipal land transfer tax if you’re buying in the city.

But the eligibility rules here are strict.

The never-ever rule

To qualify:

• You must be at least 18 years old
• You must have never owned a home or any interest in a home anywhere in the world
• You must live in the home as your principal residence within nine months of the purchase
• And, here’s the kicker, your spouse or common-law partner must also never have owned a home while you’ve been together

That last point trips up a lot of couples. If your partner owned a home before you got together, you’re in the clear. But if either of you owned a property while in a relationship with the other, even if it was overseas, you’re disqualified.

I’ve had to deliver that disappointing news more than once. It’s a harsh line, but that’s the rule.

Real estate lawyer Maria Berenbaum notes:

“The latest addition is that a purchaser must be either a Canadian Citizen or have Permanent Resident status. We had a file recently where spouses bought a house together- they are both first time homebuyers but she doesn’t have her PR yet so they got only half the rebate. Once she gets her papers she can apply for the rebate within 30 days of getting a confirmation of residency, very short window of opportunity.”

Maria went on to say she often hears comments like, “How would they know if I owned something back in X? The answer is all government agencies are inter-connected. Therefore, when they are applying for immigration and put in their application that they owned a home back home, it may trigger a re-assessment, together with penalties.”

How does the RRSP Home Buyers’ Plan define a first-time homebuyer?

The HBP is a popular option for buyers who want to tap into their RRSP savings, up to $60,000 per couple, to help with a down payment.

Thankfully, this program is more forgiving than the LTT rebate.

The four-year look-back rule

To qualify:

• You must not have lived in a home that you (or your spouse/common-law partner) owned in the current year or the four preceding calendar years
• You need a signed agreement to buy or build a qualifying home
• You must intend to make that home your principal residence within one year
• You must be a resident of Canada at the time of the withdrawal and when you buy the home

So yes, you can technically qualify again even if you’ve owned property before. As long as you (and your current spouse or partner) haven’t lived in an owned home in that four-year window, you may still be eligible.

I call this the “fresh start” clause. It’s particularly useful for people who sold a home years ago and have been renting since.

How does the First Home Savings Account define a first-time homebuyer?

The FHSA is the new kid on the block, and honestly, it’s a game-changer. It combines the tax perks of an RRSP and a TFSA, and lets you contribute up to $40,000 toward your first home purchase.

Similar to HBP, but tied to ownership and occupancy

To open and use an FHSA:

• You must be between 18 and 71 years old and a Canadian resident
• You must not have owned or jointly owned, or lived in, a qualifying home in the calendar year before you open the FHSA or during the previous four calendar years
• This rule also considers property owned by your spouse or common-law partner that you lived in

The FHSA’s definition of a first-time homebuyer is almost identical to the HBP’s, but there’s one nuance: the timing starts before the account is opened. That means you have to meet the definition at the time you open the FHSA, not just when you use it.

This is crucial. We tell our clients: if you’re even thinking about buying your first home in the next few years, open your FHSA sooner rather than later, even with a minimal contribution, to start that eligibility clock.

How do the definitions compare?

Let’s stack them side by side so you can see where things align, and where they don’t.

The key takeaway? The LTT rebate is the strictest. HBP and FHSA are more flexible, especially if you’ve taken a break from homeownership or recently separated from a partner who had a home.

Our advice

Don’t assume you are (or aren’t) a first-time buyer until we really look at the details. Each program plays by its own rules, and timing, relationship history, and past ownership all matter.

Here’s what we recommend:

• Talk to a mortgage expert early: They can walk you through each of these definitions based on your personal history
• Open your FHSA early if there’s any chance you’ll buy in the next few years. You’ll be glad you did
• Be honest with yourself (and your partner) about your ownership history, even that vacation property from 15 years ago might count
• Don’t leave money on the table. We’ve seen clients qualify for benefits they didn’t know they were entitled to, and others miss out because they made assumptions

Does first-time buyer status matter for mortgage purposes?

Actually, for an insured mortgage, it can matter if you are a first time homebuyer.

Repeat buyers are eligible for a 30-year amortization with mortgage insurance only when purchasing newly built homes.

First-time homebuyers are eligible regardless of whether they are buying a new or resale home.

Repeat buyers purchasing resale (existing) homes are not eligible for a 30-year amortization with mortgage insurance—the maximum remains 25 years in these cases.

Whether you’re buying your very first home or just your first in a while, knowing which programs you qualify for can save you thousands, and make your homeownership journey much smoother.

This article was written for Canadian Mortgage Trends by:

Ross Taylor

Ross Taylor is dedicated to empowering Canadians with financial literacy and expertise in housing, credit, and real estate. With over 20 years of experience as a mortgage broker, Ross has helped thousands of Canadians navigate the complexities of home financing and credit management. His passion for education drives him to demystify the mortgage process, ensuring clients make informed decisions. Discover more valuable insights and resources by visiting www.askross.ca/articles

Governor Tiff Macklem says the central bank will examine how its policies affect housing demand and affordability as part of its 2026 framework renewal.

The Bank of Canada will consider how its policies affect housing affordability as part of its next five-year monetary policy framework review.

In a speech delivered Tuesday in Mexico City, Governor Tiff Macklem said the Bank is preparing for its 2026 renewal by examining how monetary policy interacts with a housing market that has become increasingly unaffordable for many Canadians.

“Monetary policy cannot directly increase the supply of housing—that’s an issue for elected governments,” Macklem said. “But, through interest rates, monetary policy does have a direct effect on the demand for housing. And housing is a big part of the consumer price index in Canada, so the cost of housing affects inflation.”

“Therefore, it’s worth examining how monetary policy affects housing sector dynamics, and how best to factor housing affordability into our focus on overall price stability,” he added.

Macklem also hinted the Bank may revisit how it gauges underlying price pressures, suggesting the trim and median core measures could be reviewed. That comes as policymakers face more frequent supply shocks that can distort traditional readings of inflation.

Still, one element won’t change.

“As I said at the start of my remarks, there’s one key question we won’t be asking this time around,” Macklem said. “In our reviews since 1995, we’ve repeatedly asked whether 2% is the right target… Each time, we’ve concluded that targeting 2% inflation is the right framework for us.”

The Bank’s monetary policy framework is reviewed every five years in partnership with the federal government. The last review, completed in 2021, reaffirmed the 2% target and explored alternatives such as price-level targeting and nominal GDP targeting.

This article was written for Canadian Mortgage Trends by:

Canadians are increasingly counting on their homes to carry them through retirement, with many expecting to draw on property wealth through sales, downsizing or refinancing.

While homes have long been a source of wealth for Canadians, they’re now taking on an even bigger role in retirement planning.

New data shows 62% of adults view homeownership as central to their long-term security, with nearly half of unretired homeowners (44%) planning to sell their home to fund retirement, according to the 2025 Canadian Retirement Survey from the Healthcare of Ontario Pension Plan (HOOPP).

At the same time, concerns about mortgage debt are rising sharply as 65% of homeowners with a mortgage now worry they won’t be able to pay it off before retirement, up from 45% in 2023.

Homeowners more likely to save, but still worried

The survey also highlights the financial divide between homeowners and renters. Among unretired Canadians, 71% of homeowners said they have set aside money for retirement at some point, compared with just 36% of non-homeowners.

That disparity extends to total savings as well. Just 19% of homeowners reported having less than $5,000 set aside, compared with 57% of non-owners. By contrast, 18% of homeowners reported having over $200,000 in savings compared to just 3% of non-owners.

Despite this advantage, many homeowners remain uneasy about their retirement outlook, with 44% saying they are counting on the sale of their home to secure their financial future. That’s up from 42% in 2024 and 38% in 2023.

Another 33% say they are exploring remortgaging options in retirement to free up additional funds.

Other key findings

• 78% of mortgage holders said rising payments have forced or will force them to cut back in other areas just to keep up with housing costs.
• An equal 78% said higher mortgage payments are reducing their ability to save for retirement.
• Younger Canadians are especially likely to expect to rely on housing wealth, with 55% of those aged 18 to 34 planning to use the sale of their home to fund retirement (compared to 44% overall and 41% of those aged 55 to 64).
• 38% of homeowners said they would sell their home and downsize if they needed extra retirement income.
  • 24% said they would consider going back to work full- or part-time
  • 14% said they would use a reverse mortgage to stay in their home
• 46% of Canadians are concerned about mortgage, rent or other home payments in retirement.
• 48% of Canadians said they’re worried about what interest rates will do to their ability to afford current or future mortgage payments.
• 84% of renters said they are worried about the rising cost of rent.

This article was written for Canadian Mortgage Trends by: